Quinuclidine carbamate derivatives and their use as M3 antagonists

ABSTRACT

A carbamate of formula (I),  
                 
 
wherein R1 represents  
                 
 
wherein R2 represents a benzyl, phenethyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, furan-3-ylmethyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl or thiophen-3-ylmethyl group or a straight or branched alkyl group having 3 or 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, or a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 6 carbon atoms; p is 1 or 2 and the substitution in the azoniabicylic ring may be in the 2, 3 or 4 position including all possible configurations of the asymmetric carbons; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be of formula (II).

This invention relates to new therapeutically useful quinuclidine carbamate derivatives, to some processes for their preparation and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them.

The novel structures according to the invention are antimuscarinic agents with a potent and long lasting effect. In particular, these compounds show high affinity for muscarinic M3 receptors. This subtype of muscarinic receptor is present in glands and smooth muscle and mediates the excitatory effects of the parasympathetic system on glandular secretion and on the contraction of visceral smooth muscle (Chapter 6, Cholinergic Transmission, in H. P. Rang et al., Pharmacology, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1995).

M3 antagonists are therefore known to be useful for treating diseases characterised by an increased parasympathetic tone, by excessive glandular secretion or by smooth muscle contraction (R. M. Eglen and S. S. Hegde, (1997), Drug News Perspect, 10(8):462-469).

Examples of this kind of diseases are respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, bronchial hyperreactivity, asthma, cough and rhinitis; urological disorders such as urinary incontinence, pollakiuria, neurogenic or unstable bladder, cystospasm and chronic cystitis; gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, spastic colitis, diverticulitis and peptic ulceration; and cardiovascular disorders such as vagally induced sinus bradycardia (Chapter 7, Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists, in Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 2001).

The compounds of the invention can be used alone or in association with other drugs commonly regarded as effective in the treatment of these diseases. For example, they can be administered in combination with β₂-agonists, steroids, antiallergic drugs, phosphodiesterase IV inhibitors an/or leukotriene D4 (LTD4) antagonists for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment of a respiratory disease. The claimed compounds are useful for the treatment of the respiratory diseases detailed above in association with β₂-agonists, steroids, antiallergic drugs or phosphodiesterase IV inhibitors.

Compounds with related structures have been described as anti-spasmodics and anti-cholinergic agents in several patents.

For example, in the patent application EP 747.355 carbamate derivatives are described which are represented by the following general formula

Wherein each symbol has the following meaning: A ring is a benzene or a pyridine ring,

ring is a nitrogen-containing saturated hetero-ring which may have a substituent on the nitrogen atom and which may have a cross-linking, R1 is a phenyl group which may have a substituent, a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms or a five- or six-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group, X is a single bond or a methylene group, Y is a single bond, a carbonyl group, a methylene group which may be substituted with a hydroxyl group or a group represented by the formula —S(O)_(l)—, and l is an integer from 0-2.

These compounds clearly differ from the compounds of the present invention in terms of their structural characteristics, as they always have one hydrogen on the nitrogen of the carbamate bond.

In addition, another patent application EP 801.067 discloses compounds represented by the formula

Wherein

is an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, a cycloalkenyl group or a heteroaryl group, X is a single bond or a methylene group, l is 0 or 1, n is an integer of 1 or 2.

These compounds are also different from the compounds claimed in the present invention because the nitrogen of the carbamate group is included in a cyclic structure.

In WO 01/04118 are described compounds having the following general formula

wherein B is a group of formula (I) or (ii):

A,

R1, R2, R3, m, n, p, X⁻, Q, R8, R9 and R10 are defined in claim 1 of the cited application.

The present invention provides new compounds which are quinuclidine carbamate derivatives with potent antagonist activity at muscarinic M3 receptors and which have the chemical structure described in formula (I) or are pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof including salts of formula (II).

Formula (I) represents a carbamate of the following general structure:

which may be quaternised to give a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the carbamate of formula (I), in particular a salt of general formula (II)

wherein: R1 represents

wherein R3 represents a hydrogen or halogen atom, or a straight or branched lower alkyl group or a cyano group; R2 represents a benzyl, phenethyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, furan-3-ylmethyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, or thiophen-3-ylmethyl group, or a straight or branched alkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, or a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 6 carbon atoms; p is 1 or 2 and the substitution in the azoniabicyclic ring may be in the 2, 3 or 4 position including all possible configurations of the asymmetric carbons; m is an integer from 0 to 8; A represents a —CH₂—, —CH═CR4-, —CR4=CH—, —CO—, —O—, —S—, —S(O), SO₂, —NR4-, or —CR4R5- group, wherein R4 and R5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched lower alkyl group, or R4 and R5 together form an alicyclic ring; n is an integer from 0 to 4; B represents a hydrogen atom, an alkoxy group, a cycloalkyl group, —COOR4 or —OOCR4, wherein R4 is as defined above, or a cyano group, a naphthalenyl group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenyl group, a biphenyl group or a group of formula (I) or (ii)

wherein Z represents O, N or S; R3 is as defined above; and R6, R7 and R8 each independently represent a hydrogen or halogen atom, or a hydroxy group, a phenyl group, —OR4, —SR4, —NR4R5, —NHCOR4, —CONR4R5, —CN, —NO₂, —COOR4 or —CF₃, or a straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl group, wherein R4 and R5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched lower alkyl group, or R4 and R5 together form an alicyclic ring; or R6 and R7 together form an aromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic ring; and X⁻ represents a pharmaceutically acceptable anion of a mono or polyvalent acid.

In the quaternary ammonium compounds of the present invention, including those represented by formula (II), an equivalent of an anion (X⁻) is associated with the positive charge of the N atom. X⁻ may be an anion of various mineral acids such as, for example, chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, or an anion of an organic acid such as, for example, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methanesulfonate and p-toluenesulfonate. X⁻ is preferably an anion selected from chloride, bromide, iodide, sulphate, nitrate, acetate, maleate, oxalate or succinate. More preferably X⁻ is chloride, bromide, trifluoroacetate or methanesulfonate.

The lower alkyl groups and moieties mentioned herein, unless otherwise specified, are straight or branched alkyl groups containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferred lower alkyl groups and moieties include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl. Alkyl groups having 3 to 8 carbons mentioned herein, such as those present in the group R2, include n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and octyl.

Optionally substituted lower alkyl groups mentioned herein include straight or branched alkyl groups containing from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms as mentioned above, which may be unsubstituted or substituted in any position by one or more substituents, for example by 1, 2 or 3 substituents. When two or more substituents are present, each substituent may be the same or different. The substituent(s) are typically hydroxy or alkoxy groups.

Alkenyl groups having 3 to 8 carbon atoms mentioned herein, such as those present in the group R2, are straight or branched groups such as straight or branched propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl or octenyl. The double bond may be in any position in the alkenyl group, such as on the terminal bond in relation to the carbamate group.

Alkoxy groups mentioned herein, such as those present in the group B, are typically lower alkoxy groups, that is groups containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the hydrocarbon chain being branched or straight. Preferred alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy and t-butoxy.

Cycloalkyl groups and alicyclic groups mentioned herein, unless otherwise specified, typically contain from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, preferably from 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl groups and alicyclic rings of 3 to 6 carbon atoms include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

The aromatic ring mentioned in relation to R6 and R7 typically contains from 5 to 14, preferably 5 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of aromatic groups include cyclopentadienyl, phenyl and naphthalenyl.

The heterocyclic ring mentioned in relation to R6 and R7 is typically a 3 to 10 membered ring, such as a 5 or 6 membered ring, containing one or more heteroatoms selected from N, S and O. Typically, 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms are present, preferably 1 or 2 heteroatoms. Examples of heterocyclic rings include piperidyl, pyrrolidyl, azetidinyl, aziridyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, quinuclidinyl, triazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl and thienyl.

As used herein a halogen atom includes a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, typically a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom.

The compounds of the present invention represented by formula (I) and salts thereof such as those represented by formula (II), which may have one or more asymmetric carbons, include all the possible stereoisomers. The single isomers and mixtures of the isomers fall within the scope of the present invention.

Preferred carbamates of formula (I) are those wherein R1 is a phenyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thienyl or furan-2-ylmethyl group which is unsubstituted (i.e. R3 is hydrogen). If however R1 is substituted with a group R3 which is other than hydrogen, the substituent may be in the 2, 3, 4, 5 or, if R1 is a phenyl group, the 6 position. When R1 is phenyl, the substituent is preferably in the 4 position of the ring. The substituent R3 is preferably hydrogen, halogen or lower alkyl preferably hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, methyl or ethyl and particularly preferably hydrogen, fluorine or methyl. Examples of substituted R1 groups include halo-phenyl, halo-thiophen-2-ylmethyl, halo-thienyl, halo-furan-2-ylmethyl, (C₁₋₄ alkyl)-phenyl, (C₁₋₄ alkyl)-thiophen-2-ylmethyl, (C₁₋₄ alkyl)-thienyl or (C₁₋₄ alkyl)-furan-2-ylmethyl. Specific examples include 4 fluorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-ethylphenyl, fluorothiophen-2-ylmethyl, fluorothienyl and fluorofuran-2-ylmethyl. Particularly preferred groups R1 include phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thienyl and furan 2-ylmethyl.

Preferred groups R2 include benzyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thiophen-3-ylmethyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, phenethyl, pent-4-enyl, pentyl, butyl allyl or cyclopentyl.

Preferred groups —NR1R2 in formula (I) include the groups —N(benzyl)(phenyl); —N(benzyl)(4-fluorophenyl); —N(benzyl)(p-tolylphenyl); —N(butyl)(phenyl); —N(phenyl)(thiophen-2-ylmethyl); —N(phenethyl)(phenyl); —N(pentyl)(phenyl); —N(pent-4-enyl)(phenyl); —N(phenyl)(thiophen-3-ylmethyl); —N(butyl)(thiophen-2-ylmethyl); —Nbisthiophen-2-ylmethyl; —N(furan-2-ylmethyl)(thiophen-2-ylmethyl); —N(allyl)(thiophen-2-ylmethyl); —N(cyclopentyl)(thiophen-2-ylmethyl); —N(furan-2-ylmethyl)(phenyl) and —Nbisfuran-2-ylmethyl.

p is preferably 2. The substitution in the azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane is preferably in the 3 position. The substituted carbon atom may have (R) or (S) configuration, preferably (R) configuration.

The following compounds of general formula (I) are intended to illustrate but not to limit the scope of the present invention.

-   Benzylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester -   Benzyl(4-fluorophenyl)carbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl     ester -   Benzyl-p-tolylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester -   Butylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester -   Phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid     1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester -   Phenethylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester -   Pentylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester -   Pent-4-enylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester -   Phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamic acid     1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester -   Butylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl     ester -   Bis-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl     ester -   Furan-2-ylmethyl-2-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid     1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester -   Allylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl     ester -   Cyclopentylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid     1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester -   Furan-2-ylmethylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl     ester -   Bis-furan-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl     ester -   Benzylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl ester -   Benzylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-4-yl ester and     pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Preferred salts of formula (II) are those having the preferred definitions of R1, R2, —NR1R2 and p as for formula (I) above and the same location and configuration of the substituent on the azoniabicyclic ring.

Further, it is preferred that B represents a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl or furyl group, or a biphenyl, naphthalenyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenyl or benzo[1,3]dioxolyl group, in particular a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or thienyl group, such as a 2-thienyl group or a 3-thienyl group, particularly a 2-thienyl group.

The thienyl, pyrrolyl or furyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with a group R3 as defined above. The substituent may be in the 2, 3, 4 or 5 position on the ring.

The phenyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one, two or three groups (R6 to R8) which may be in any position on the ring. Typically it is unsubstituted or substituted with one group, for example in the 2, 3 or 4 position. Preferably, the substituents R6, R7 and R8 each independently represent a hydrogen or halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, methyl, tert-butyl, —CH₂OH, 3-hydroxypropyl, —OMe, —NMe₂, —NHCOMe, —CONH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —COOMe, or —CF₃ group, or R6 and R7 together form a 5- or 6-membered ring such as a phenyl or thiazolyl ring. More preferably, R6, R7 and R8 represent a hydrogen or halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, methyl, —CH₂OH, —OMe, —NMe₂, —NHCOMe, —CONH₂, —CN, —NO₂, —COOMe, or —CF₃ group, especially a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group or a halogen atom, wherein the halogen atom is preferably fluorine. Examples of substituted phenyl groups which may represent B are tolyl including o-, m- and p-tolyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenyl, 2-, 3- and 4-fluorophenyl and benzothiazolyl. B is particularly preferably a phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl or 3-hydroxyphenyl group.

Typically, n=0 or 1; m is an integer from 1 to 6, particularly 1, 2 or 3; and A represents a —CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —NMe-, —O— or —S— group, in particular a —CH₂—, —H═CH—, or —O— group. Examples of suitable groups —(CH₂)_(m)-A-(CH₂)_(n)— include methylene, ethylene, allylene, n-propylene, i-propylene, butylene, 4-methyl pent-3-enylene, heptylene, ethyleneoxy, propyleneoxy, butyleneoxy, sulfanoylpropylene, methylaminopropylene and 4-oxobutylene, preferably methylene, ethylene, allylene, n-propylene, heptylene, ethyleneoxy or propyleneoxy.

More preferred salts of formula (II) are those wherein the azoniabicyclo group is substituted on the nitrogen atom with a 3-phenoxypropyl, 2-phenoxyethyl, 3-phenylallyl, phenethyl, 4-phenylbutyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 3-[2-hydroxyphenoxy]propyl, 3-[4-fluorophenoxy]propyl, 2-benzyloxyethyl, 3-pyrrol-1-ylpropyl, 2-thien-2-ylethyl, 3-thien-2-ylpropyl, 3-phenylaminopropyl, 3-(methylphenylamino)propyl, 3-phenylsulfanylpropyl, 3-o-tolyloxypropyl, 3-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)propyl, 3-(2-tert-butyl-6-methylphenoxy)propyl, 3-(biphenyl-4-yloxy)propyl, 3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yloxy)-propyl, 3-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)propyl, 3-naphthalen-1-yloxy)propyl, 3-(2-chlorophenoxy)propyl, 3-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)propyl, 3-(3-trifluoromethyl phenoxy)propyl, 3-(3-cyanophenoxy)propyl, 3-(4-cyanophenoxy)propyl, 3-(3-methoxyphenoxy)propyl, 3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propyl, 3-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)propyl, 3-(2-carbamoylphenoxy)propyl, 3-(3-dimethylaminophenoxy)propyl, 3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propyl, 3-(3-nitrophenoxy)propyl, 3-(4-acetylaminophenoxy)propyl, 3-(3-methoxycarbonylphenoxy)propyl, 3-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)phenoxy]propyl, 3-(2-hydroxymethylphenoxy)propyl, 3-(3-hydroxymethylphenoxy)propyl, 3-(4-hydroxymethylphenoxy)propyl, 3¶-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl, 3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl, 3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl, 4-oxo-4-thien-2-ylbutyl, 3-(1-methyl-[1H]-imidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)propyl, 3-benzothiazol-2-yloxy)propyl, 3-benzyloxypropyl, 6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl, 4-phenoxybutyl or 2-benzyloxyethyl group. Especially preferred salts are those wherein the azoniabicyclo group is substituted on the nitrogen atom with a 3-phenoxypropyl, 2-phenoxyethyl, 3-phenylallyl, phenethyl 3-phenylpropyl, 3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl, 3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl, 3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl, 1-allyl or 1-heptyl group.

The following salts of general formula (II) are intended to illustrate but not to limit the scope of the present invention.

-   3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1,3-phenylallyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   1-Allyl-3-(R)(benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-phenethyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-yl-propyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylallyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   1-Allyl-3-(R)(butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Butylphenylcaxbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azonia     bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide -   1-(2-Phenoxy-ethyl)-3-(R)-(phenyl-thiophen-2-ylmethyl-carbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   1-Allyl-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Phenethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     trifluoroacetate -   1-Heptyl-3-(R)(pent-4-enylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     trifluoroacetate -   1-Allyl-3-(R)-(phenyl-thiophen-3-ylmethyl-carbamoyloxy)-1-azonia-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     trifluoroacetate -   3-(R)phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azonia     bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide -   1-(2-Phenoxyethyl)-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Bis-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   3-(R)(Bis-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     bromide -   1-Allyl-3-(R)(allylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     trifluoroacetate -   3-(R)(Cyclopentylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azonia     bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate -   3-(R)(Furan-2-ylmethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     trifluoroacetate -   1-Allyl-3-(R)(bis-furan-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;     trifluoroacetate

The present invention also provides processes for preparing compounds of formulas (I) and (II).

Compounds of general formula (I) may be prepared by method (a) illustrated in the following scheme and detailed in the experimental section.

Compounds of general formula (III) may be prepared from the corresponding secondary amines following the standard method (b) described in literature.

Amines of general formula (V) that are not commercially available have been prepared by synthesis according to standard methods. For example, amines wherein R1 is thiophen-2-ylmethyl and R2 is as defined above, were obtained by reductive alkylation. The corresponding aldehyde is treated with the corresponding primary amine to form the imine, which is reduced with sodium borohydride to obtain the secondary amine.

The carbamates of formula (I) may be converted to pharmaceutically acceptable salts by methods known in the art. Typically, a carbamate of formula (I) is treated with an inorganic or organic acid such as fumaric, tartaric, succinic or hydrochloric acid.

The quaternary ammonium derivatives of general formula (II), may be prepared by reaction of an alkylating agent of general formula (VI) with compounds of general formula (I). In formulas (I), (II) and (VI), R1, R2, A, B, X, n, m and p are as defined above.

In formula (VI), W represents any suitable leaving group, such as a group X as defined above. Preferably, W represents a group X.

This alkylation reaction may be carried out by two different experimental procedures, (c) and (d) which are described below. In particular method (d) provides a new experimental process, using solid phase extraction methodologies that allows the parallel preparation of several compounds. If W represents a group other than X, the quaternary ammonium salt of formula (I) is produced from the product of method (c) or (d) by carrying out an exchange reaction according to standard methods to replace the anion W⁻ with the desired anion X⁻.

Methods (c) and (d) are described in the experimental section. Compounds of general formula (VI) which are not commercially available have been prepared by synthesis according to standard methods. For example, compounds wherein n=0 and A=—O—, —S— or —NR4, wherein R4 is as defined above, were obtained by reaction of the corresponding aromatic derivative or its potassium salt with an alkylating agent of general formula Y—(CH₂)_(m)—X, wherein X may be a halogen and Y may be a halogen or a sulphonate ester. In other examples, compounds of general formula (VI), where n>=1 were synthesised from the corresponding alcohol derivative of general formula (VII) by known methods.

Compounds of formula (IV) could be: 4-hydroxy-1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, described in WO93/15080 4-hydroxy-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, described in Grob, C. A. et. al. Helv. Chim. Acta (1958), 41, 1184-1190 3(R)-hydroxy-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane or 3(S)-hydroxy-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, described in Ringdahl, R. Acta Pharm Suec. (1979), 16, 281-283 and commercially available from CU Chemie Uetikon GmbH.

The structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by ¹H-NMR and MS. The NMR were recorded using a Varian 300 MHz instrument and chemical shifts are expressed as parts per million (δ) from the internal reference tetramethyl silane. Their purity was determined by HPLC, using reverse phase chromatrography on a Waters instrument, with values greater than 95% being obtained. Molecular ions were obtained by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry on a Hewlett Packard instrument. HPLC-MS experiments were performed on a Gilson instrument equipped with a binary pump (Gilson piston pump 321); a vacuum degasser (Gilson 864); an injector-fraction collector (Gilson liquid handler 215); two injection modules, analytical and preparative (Gilson 819); a valve (Gilson Valvemate 7000); a 1/1000 splitter (Acurate by LC Packings); a make-up pump (Gilson 307); a diode array detector (Gilson 170) and a MS detector (a Thermoquest Finnigan aQa, a quadrupole mass spectrometer with ES an APCI ionisation modes). The HPLC-MS instrument was controlled by an IBM PC.

Method (a)

EXAMPLE 54 Preparation of butylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

0.65 g (28.50 mmol) of sodium was added to 70 ml of dry toluene. The suspension was refluxed with vigorous stirring. When all the sodium was melted, 3.60 g (28.30 mmol) of (R)-3-hydroxy-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane was added and stirring continued for 2 hours, by which time all the sodium had reacted to form the alcoholate. 6.00 g (28.30 mmol) of Phenylbutylcarbamyl chloride dissolved in 30 ml of toluene was then slowly added. The mixture was refluxed for one hour, and then the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate evaporated. Ether was added to the residue and stirred for 10 min. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to obtain 7.18 g of brown oil. This product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, chloroform/ethanol/ammonia 140:8:1) to yield 1.78 g (5.89 mmol) (22%) of a pure product, structure confirmed by ¹H-NMR. 300 MHz, CDCl3: δ 0.9 (m, 3H), 1.3 (m, 4H), 1.5 (m, 4H), 1.9 (s, 1H), 2.7 (m, 5H), 3.2 (m, 1H), 3.7 (m, 2H), 4.7 (m, 1H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H); MS [M+1]⁺: 303.

EXAMPLE 150 Preparation of cyclopentylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

0.57 g (24.59 mmol) of sodium was added to 70 ml of dry toluene. The suspension was refluxed with vigorous stirring. When all the sodium was melted, 3.11 g (24.42 mmol) of (R)-3-hydroxy-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane was added and stirred for 2 hours, by which time all the sodium had reacted to form the alcoholate. 4.96 g (20.35 mmol) of cyclopentylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamyl chloride dissolved in 30 ml of toluene was then slowly added. The mixture was refluxed for five hours, and then the reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate washed with water. The organic layer was extracted with 20% HCl and the aqueous layer basified with 8N NaOH and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water, dried over Na₂SO₄ anhydride and evaporated. The oil obtained (4.50 g) was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, chloroform/ethanol/ammonia 225:8:1) to obtain 2.25 g (6.73 mmol) (33%) of a pure product, structure confirmed by ¹H-NMR. 300 MHz, (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.20-1.40 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.72 (m, 11H), 1.89 (bs, 1H), 2.45-2.62 (m, 5H), 3.03-3.10 (m, 1H), 4.22 (bs, 1H), 4.50-4.63 (m, 3H), 6.93-6.99 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 1H).; MS [M+1]⁺: 335.

EXAMPLE 159 Preparation of Benzylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-4-yl ester

In a two necked flask under nitrogen, 3 ml of THF and 150 mg (1.33 mmoles) of 4-hydroxy-1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane were placed. The suspension was cooled to −60° C. and 0.7 ml (1.46 mmoles) of LDA was added dropwise. After the addition the temperature was allowed to rise to 0° C. and was kept during two hours. A solution of 295 mg (1.20 mmoles) of benzylphenylcarbamyl chloride in 2 ml of THF was added in 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature and stirred for 18 hours. The suspension was filtered and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with dichloromethane and water. The organic layer was extracted with 2N HCl and the aqueous layer basified with 8N NaOH and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ anhydre and evaporated. The oil obtained (162 mg) was purified by HPLC-MS to obtain 4.86 mg (0.015 mmoles) 1.3% of a pure product as formiate, structure confirmed by ¹H-NMR 300 MHz, (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.86 (m, 4H), 2.65 (s, 2H), 2.77 (bs, 2H), 3.03 (bs, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 7.14-7.32 (m, 10H). 8.19 (s, 1H); MS [M-HCOO]⁺: 323.

Method (b)

Carbamoyl chlorides of general formula (II) were prepared according to procedures described in the literature: M. Saraswati et al. Drug Development Research (1994), 31, 142-146; G. M. Shutske et al. J. Heterocycl. Chem. (1990), 27, 1617; GB 1246606; U.S. Pat. No. 2,762,796.

EXAMPLE I-1 Preparation of Butylphenylcarbamyl Chloride

To a solution of 6.72 g (45 mmol) of butylphenylamine in 50 ml of methylene chloride cooled to 10° C. was added slowly with stirring 6.67 g (22.5 mmol) of triphosgene in 40 ml of methylene chloride. The reaction was allowed to continue at room temperature for 27 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the residue extracted twice with n-hexane. The organic solution was concentrated in vacuo to yield 9.11 g (43.03 mmol) of a yellow oil (96%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.9 (m, 3H), 1.3 (m, 2H), 1.6 (m, 2H), 3.7 (m, 2H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H).

EXAMPLE I-2 Preparation of cyclopentylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamyl chloride

To a solution of 5.0 g (27.58 mmol) of cyclopentylthiophen-2-ylmethylamine in 40 ml of methylene chloride at 10° C. was added slowly with stirring 4.09 g (13.79 mmol) of triphosgene in 35 ml of methylene chloride. The reaction was allowed to continue stirring at room temperature for 64 hours, refluxed for 4 hours and 25 hours more at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the residue extracted with n-hexane. The organic solution was concentrated to yield 4.96 g (20.34 mmol) of a brown oil (74%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.4 (m, 8H), 4.2 (bs, 1H), 4.5 (m, 2H), 6.8-7.3 (m, 3H).

Method (c)

EXAMPLE 146 Preparation of (R)-3-(bis-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bromide

0.54 g (1.5 mmol) of bis-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester, 7.5 ml of tetrahydrofuran and 0.46 g (2.25 mmol) of 2-(3-bromopropyl)thiophene were mixed. The solution was refluxed for 4 hours and allowed to continue stirring at room temperature for 116 hours. Ether was added and the suspension was stirred for 30 min. The solvent was extracted and more ether was added. This procedure was repeated several times in order to eliminate the allating agent. Finally the suspension was filtered and the residue dried in the vacuum oven. The yield was 0.69 g (1.22 mmol) (81%). ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 1.78-2.10 (m, 6H), 2.34 (bs, 1H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 3.21-3.46 (m, 7H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 4.54 (m, 4H), 5.06 (m, 1H), 6.95-7.01 (m, 4H), 7.07-7.11 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.49 (m, 3H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 487; mp: 143° C.

Method (d)

EXAMPLE 133 Preparation of 1-heptyl-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

30 mg (0.08 mmols) of phenyl-thiophen-3-yl methyl carbamic acid 1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester were dissolved in 1 ml of DMSO. To this solution 75 mg (0.40 mmol) of heptyl bromide were added. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the mixture was purified by solid phase extraction with a cation exchange Mega Bond Elut cartridge, previously conditioned at pH=7.5 with 0.1 M NaH₂PO₄ buffer. The reaction mixture was applied to the cartridge and washed first with 2 ml of DMSO and then three times with 5 ml of CH₃CN, rinsing away all starting materials. The ammonium derivative was eluted with 5 ml of 0.03 M-TFA solution in CH₃CN:CHCl₃ (2:1). This solution was neutralized with 300 mg of poly(4-vinylpyridine), filtered and evaporated to dryness.

The yield was 12 mg (34%) of title compound. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.88 (m, 3H), 1.28 (m, 8H), 1.60-2.19 (m, 7H), 3.00-3.41 (m, 7H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 5.99 (m, 1H), 7.01 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.39 (m, 6H), 7.49-7.52 (m, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 441.

Also included within the scope of the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions which comprise, as the active ingredient, at least one quinuclidine derivative of general formula (I) or (II) in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. Preferably the composition is made up in a form suitable for oral administration.

The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluents which are mixed with the active compound or compounds, to form the composition of this invention are well-known per se and the actual excipients used depend inter alia on the intended method of administration of the composition.

Compositions of this invention are preferably adapted for oral administration. In this case, the composition for oral administration may take the form of tablets, film-coated tablets, liquid inhalant, powder inhalant and inhalation aerosol; all containing one or more compounds of the invention; such preparations may be made by methods well-known in the art.

The diluents which may be used in the preparations of the compositions include those liquid and solid diluents which are compatible with the active ingredient, together with colouring or flavouring agents, if desired. Tablets or film-coated tablets may conveniently contain between 0.1 mg and 500 mg, preferably from 0.5 to 200 mg of active ingredient. The inhalant compositions may contain between 1 μg and 1,000 μg, preferably from 10 to 800 μg of active ingredient. In human therapy, the dose of the compound of general formula (I) or (II) will depend on the desired effect and duration of treatment; adult doses are generally between 0.5 mg and 300 mg per day as tablets and 10 μg and 800 μg per day as inhalant composition.

The compounds of the present invention, or pharmaceutical compositions containing them, may be used together with a β₂ agonist, steroid, antiallergic drug and/or phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor, for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment of a respiratory disease.

Pharmacological Action

The following examples demonstrate the excellent pharmacological activities of the compounds of the present invention. The results on human muscarinic receptor binding and in the test on bronchospasm in guinea pig, were obtained as described below.

Human Muscarinic Receptor Studies.

The binding of [³H]-NMS to human muscarinic receptors was performed according to Waelbroek et al (1990), Mol. Pharmacol., 38:267-273. Assays were carried out at 25° C. Membrane preparations from stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells (CHO) expressing the genes for the human muscarinic M3 receptors were used.

For determination of IC₅₀, membrane preparations were suspended in DPBS to a final concentration of 89 μg/ml for the M3 subtype. The membrane suspension was incubated with the tritiated compound for 60 mm. After incubation the membrane fraction was separated by filtration: and the bound radioactivity determined. Non specific binding was determined by addition of 10⁻⁴ M atropine. At least six concentrations were assayed in duplicate to generate individual displacement curves.

Our results (Table 1) show that the compounds of the present invention have high affinities for muscarinic M3 receptors, preferably human muscarinic receptors. TABLE 1 BINDING TO RECPTOR M3 EXAMPLE N^(o) (IC₅₀ nM) Atropine 3.2 Ipratropium 3.0 1 5.0 5 11.1 6 18.0 31 8.0 32 8.0 58 8.0 79 14.0 82 4.5 90 9.2 91 6.8 92 11.5 104 19.0 126 8.6 136 9.0 142 17.8 146 14.4 153 6.0 156 18

Preferred compounds of the invention have an IC₅₀ (nM) value for M3 receptors of less than 35, preferably less than 25, 20 or 15, more preferably less than 10.

Test on Bronchospasm in Guinea Pig

The studies were performed according to H. Konzett and F. Rössler (1940), Arch. Exp. Path. Pharmacol. 195, 71-74. Aqueous solutions of the agents to be tested were nebulized and inhaled by anaesthetized ventilated male guinea pigs (Dunkin-Hartley). Bronchial response to intravenous acetylcholine challenge was determined before and after drug administration and changes in pulmonary resistance at several time-points were expressed as percent of inhibition of bronchospasm.

The compounds of the present invention showed bronchodilator activity with high potency and a long duration of action.

From the above described results one of ordinary skill in the art can readily understand that the compounds of the present invention have excellent antimuscarinic activity (M3) and thus are useful for the treatment of diseases in which the muscarinic M3 receptor is implicated, including respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, asthma, bronchial hyperreactivity and rhinitis; urinary diseases such as urinary incontinence, pollakiuria, neurogenic bladder, nocturnal enuresis, unstable bladder, cystospasm and chronic cystitis; gastrointestinal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, spastic colitis, diverticulitis and peptic ulceration; and cardiovascular disorders such as vagally induced sinus bradicardia. For example, the compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and rhinitis; urinary diseases such as urinary incontinence and pollakinuria in neuripenia pollakinuria, neurogenic bladder, nocturnal enuresis, unstable bladder, cytospasm and chronic cystitis; and gastrointestinal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, spastic colitis and diverticulitis.

The present invention further provides a compound of formula (I) or (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or (II) for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy, in particular for the treatment of respiratory, urinary or gastrointestinal disease.

The present invention further provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or (II) for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of respiratory, urinary or gastrointestinal disease.

Further, the compounds of formula (I) or (II) and pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) or (II) can be used in a method of treating respiratory, urinary or gastrointestinal disease, which method comprises administering to a human or animal patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or (II) or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or (II).

Further, the compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) can be used in combination with other drugs effective in the treatment of these diseases. For example with O₂ agonists, steroids, antiallergic drugs, phosphodiesterase IV inhibitors and/or leukotriene D4 (LTD4) inhibitors, for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment of a respiratory disease.

The present invention therefore further provides a combination product comprising

-   -   (i) a compound according to the invention; and     -   (ii) another compound effective in the treatment of a         respiratory, urological or gastrointestinal disease or disorder         for simultaneous, separate or sequential use.

The compound (II) which is effective in the treatment of a respiratory, urological or gastrointestinal disease or disorder may be a β₂ agonist, steroid, antiallergic drug, phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor and/or leukotriene D4 (LTD4) antagonist when the product is for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment of a respiratory disease. Alternatively, the compound (II) may be a β₂ agonist, steroid, antialergic drug and/or phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor when the product is for simultaneous, separate or sequential use in the treatment of a respiratory disease.

The present invention will be further illustrated by the following examples. The examples are given by way of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting.

EXAMPLE 1 Benzylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 1000 mg, 18%. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.3-1.7 (m, 4H), 1.9 (s, 1H), 2.5-2.8 (m, 5H), 3.2 (m, 1H), 4.8 (m, 1H), 4.9 (s, 2H), 7.1-7.4 (m, 10H); MS [M+1]⁺: 337.

EXAMPLE 2 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 20 mg, 34%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.54-1.90 (m, 4H), 2.17 (s, 1H), 2.95 (s, 3H), 3.22-3.52 (m, 5H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 4.99 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.37 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 351.

EXAMPLE 3 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 18 mg, 25%. MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 419.

EXAMPLE 4 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 21 mg, 26%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.56-1.91 (m, 4H), 2.11-2.20 (m, 3H), 3.12 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.51 (m, 6H), 3.86 (m, 1H), 4.06 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 6.97 (m, 3H), 7.20-7.38 (m, 12H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 471.

EXAMPLE 5 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylallyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 220 mg, 70%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.55-1.92 (m, 4H), 2.21 (s, 1H), 3.15 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.50 (m, 5H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 4.1 (m, 2H), 4.02 (s, 2H), 5.05 (m, 1H), 6.49 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.90 (d, 1H), 7.20-7.59 (m, 12H), 7.59-7.61 (m, 2H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 453; mp: 129° C.

EXAMPLE 6 1-Allyl-3-(R)(benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 230 mg, 85%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.58-1.91 (m, 4H), 2.20 (s, 1H), 3.10 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.41 (m, 4H), 3.79-3.90 (m, 3H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.03 (m, 1H), 5.61 (m, 2H), 5.98 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.38 (m, 10H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 377; mp: 70° C.

EXAMPLE 7 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 19%. MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 381.

EXAMPLE 8 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-isopropyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 17 mg, 26%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.24 (m, 6H), 1.64-1.89 (m, 4H), 2.20 (s, 1H), 2.78 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.32 (m, 4H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 3.76 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.06 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.38 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 379.

EXAMPLE 9 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-propyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 16 mg, 25%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ0.88 (m, 3H), 1.57-1.68 (m, 4H), 1.89 (m, 2H), 2.18 (s, 1H), 2.99-3.14 (m, 3H), 3.26-3.40 (m, 4H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.01 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.37 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 379.

EXAMPLE 10 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-cyanopropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 19%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.67-2.07 (m, 6H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 2.60 (m, 2H), 3.07 (m, 1H), 3.21-3.48 (m, 6H), 3.85 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.01 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.37 (m, 10); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 404.

EXAMPLE 11 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-cyclopropylmethyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 9 mg, 14%. MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 391.

EXAMPLE 12 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 22 mg, 32%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.12 (m, 3H), 1.58-1.90 (m, 4H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 3.12-3.15 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.53 (m, 8H), 3.75 (m, 2H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.37 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 409.

EXAMPLE 13 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(4-ethoxycarbonylbutyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 14 mg, 18%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.19 (m, 3H), 1.50-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.85-1.88 (m, 2H), 2.18 (s, 1H), 2.38 (m, 2H), 3.99 (m, 1H), 3.16-3.42 (m, 8H), 3.82 (m, 1H), 4.06 (m, 2H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.37 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 465.

EXAMPLE 14 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(4-phenylbutyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 14 mg, 18%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.57-1.65 (m, 6H), 1.88 (m, 2H), 2.18 (s, 1H), 2.63 (m, 2H), 3.00 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.42 (m, 6H), 3.79-3.86 (m, 1H), 4.94 (s, 2H), 5.00 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.37 (m, 15H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 469.

EXAMPLE 15 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 21 mg, 25%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.55-1.91 (m, 4H), 2.10-2.20 (m, 3H), 3.10 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.50 (m, 6H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 4.02 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 6.95-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.38 (m, 12H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 489.

EXAMPLE 16 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1,3-hydroxypropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 18%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.54-1.88 (m, 6H), 2.18 (s, 1H), 3.09 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.49 (m, 8H), 3.85 (m, 1H), 4.84 (m, OH), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.37 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 395.

EXAMPLE 17 1-(4-Acetoxybutyl)-3-(R)(benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 9 mg, 12%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.40-1.70 (m, 5H), 1.81-1.91 (m, 3H), 2.02 (m, 3H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 3.03 (m, 1H), 3.19 (m, 2H), 3.26-3.46 (m, 4H), 3.80-3.84 (m, 1H), 4.04 (m, 2H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.01-5.02 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.37 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 451.

EXAMPLE 18 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy-1-(4-oxo-4-thiophen-2-ylbutyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 16 mg, 19%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.55-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.87-2.05 (m, 4H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 3.09 (m, 3H), 3.22 (m, 2H), 3.29-3.46 (m, 4H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.38 (m, 11H), 7.98-8.06 (m, 2H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 489.

EXAMPLE 19 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl]-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 17 mg, 21%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.57-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.19 (m, 3H), 3.11 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.50 (m, 6H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 3.97 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 6.33-6.40 (m, 3H), 7.04 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.38 (m, 10H), 9.5 (s, OH); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 487.

EXAMPLE 20 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-heptyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 17 mg, 23%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.88 (m, 3H), 1.28 (m, 8H), 1.62 (m, 4H), 1.85-1.88 (m, 2H), 2.18 (s, 1H), 3.02 (m, 1H), 3.15 (m, 2H), 3.26-3.40 (m, 4H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.01 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.37 (m, 101H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 435.

EXAMPLE 21 12-Benzyloxyethyl)-3-(R)(benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 20 mg, 25%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.54-1.94 (m, 4H), 2.20 (s, 1H), 3.17 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.55 (m, 6H), 3.85 (m, 2H), 9.92-3.99 (m, 1H), 4.53 (s, 2H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.40 (m, 15H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 471.

EXAMPLE 22 Benzyl-4-fluorophenyl)carbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 1110 mg; 13%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.16-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.81 (s, 1H), 2.42-2.57 (m, 5H), 2.99-3.07 (m, 1H), 4.63 (m, 1H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 7.10-7.32 (m, 9H); MS [M+1]: 355.

EXAMPLE 23 1-Allyl-3-(R)[benzyl(4-fluorophenyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 23%. MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 395.

EXAMPLE 24 3-(R)[Benzyl-4-fluorophenyl)carbamoyloxy]-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 25%. MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 473.

EXAMPLE 25 Benzyl-p-tolylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 1070 mg, 11%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.18-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.83 (s, 1H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.43-2.59 (m, 5H), 3.01-3.10 (m, 1H), 4.64 (m, 1H), 4.85 (s, 2H), 7.12-7.34 (m, 9H); MS [M+1]⁺: 351.

EXAMPLE 26 1-Allyl-3-(R)(benzyl-p-tolyl-carbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 9 mg, 19%. MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 391.

EXAMPLE 27 3-(R)(Benzyl-p-tolylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 25%. MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 469.

EXAMPLE 28 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 390 mg, 84%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.55-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 2H), 2.17 (s, 1H), 3.14 (m, 1H), 3.22 (s, 3H), 3.29-3.55 (m, 10H), 3.78 (m, 2H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 4.99 (m, 1H), 7.17-7.35 (m, 10H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 439.

EXAMPLE 29 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-phenethyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 200 mg, 65%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.55-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 2H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 3.00 (m, 2H), 3.10 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.51 (m, 6H), 3.90 (m; 1H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 5.04 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.37 (m, 15H). MS [M-Br]⁺: 441; mp 81° C.

EXAMPLE 30 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 970 mg, 82%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d): δ 1.55-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.85-2.04 (m, 4H), 2.18 (s, 1H), 2.83 (m, 2H), 3.01 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.44 (m, 6H), 3.85 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.00 (m, 1H), 6.94-7.00 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.40 (m, 11H). MS [M-Br]⁺: 461; mp 95° C.

EXAMPLE 31 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1,3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 880 mg, 79%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.55-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.85-2.00 (m, 4H), 2.18 (s, 1H), 2.59 (m, 2H), 3.04 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.44 (m, 6H), 3.85 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.36 (m, 15H).); MS [M-Br]⁺: 455; mp 101° C.

EXAMPLE 32 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 360 mg, 67%. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.5-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 2H), 2.20 (s, 1H), 3.23 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.72 (m, 6H), 4.02 (m, 1H), 4.43 (m, 2H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.03 (m, 1H), 7.01 (m, 3H), 7.17-7.38 (m, 12H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 457; mp 117° C.

EXAMPLE 33 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(3-cyanophenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 16 mg, 36%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 496.

EXAMPLE 34 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(naphthalen-1-yloxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 21%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 521.

EXAMPLE 35 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(methylphenylamino)propyl]-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 28%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 484.

EXAMPLE 36 3-R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylsulfanylpropyl-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 8 mg, 18%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.45-2.00 (m, 6H), 2.17 (bs, 1H), 3.00 (m, 2H), 3.28-3.41 (m, 7H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 4.91 (s, 2H), 4.98 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.41 (m, 15H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 487.

EXAMPLE 37 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(4-oxo-4-phenylbutyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 23%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.50-2.06 (m, 6H), 2.20 (bs, 1H), 3.13-3.47 (m, 9H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.38 (m, 10H), 7.54-7.70 (m, 3H), 7.98-8.00 (m, 2H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 483.

EXAMPLE 38 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)propyl]-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 14 mg, 30%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.50-2.20 (m, 7H), 2.19 (s, 9H), 3.16-3.52 (m, 7H), 3.73 (m, 2H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.03 (m, 1H), 6.83 (s, 2H), 7.19-7.38 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 513.

EXAMPLE 39 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(2-chlorophenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 14 mg, 31%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 506.

EXAMPLE 40 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-[3-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 14 mg, 29%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.50-2.00 (m, 4H), 2.08-2.20 (m, 3H), 3.12-3.50 (m, 7H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.03 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.38 (m, 13H), 7.54-7.59 (m, 1H). MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 539.

EXAMPLE 41 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(biphenyl-4-yloxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 24%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.50-2.20 (m, 7H), 3.14 (bs, 1H), 3.28-3.52 (m, 6H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 4.10 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.03 (m, 1H), 7.03-7.08 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.47 (m, 13H), 7.61-7.65 (m, 4H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 547.

EXAMPLE 42 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)propyl]-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 22%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.50-2.19 (m, 7H), 3.10 (bs, 1H), 3.28-3.51 (m, 6H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 4.10 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 7.02-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.37 (m, 12H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 507.

EXAMPLE 43 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 22%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 1.50-2.19 (m, 7H), 3.11 (bs, 1H), 3.28-3.51 (m, 6H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.99 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.92 (m, 4H), 7.19-7.38 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 501.

EXAMPLE 44 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yloxy) propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 21%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.50-1.71 (m, 6H), 1.87-2.19 (m, 5H), 2.63-2.68 (m, 4H), 3.10 (bs, 1H), 3.28-3.50 (m, 6H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 3.98 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 6.63-6.70 (m, 2H), 6.95-6.98 (d, 1H), 7.19-7.38 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 525.

EXAMPLE 45 1-[3-(Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yloxy)propyl]-3-(R)(benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 26%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 515.

EXAMPLE 46 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(2-carbamoylphenoxy)propyl]-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 22%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.50-2.27 (m, 7H), 3.09 (bs, 1H), 3.28-3.48 (m, 6H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.04 (m, 1H), 7.02-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.38 (m, 10H), 7.44-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.55 (bs, NH₂), 7.69-7.72 (dd, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 514.

EXAMPLE 47 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(3-dimethylaminophenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 26%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 514.

EXAMPLE 48 1-[3-(4-Acetylaminophenoxy)propyl]-3-(R)(benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 25%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.50-1.92 (m, 4H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 2.04-2.20 (m, 3H), 3.12 (bs, 1H), 3.28-3.51 (m, 6H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 4.00 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 6.86-6.91 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.38 (m, 10H), 7.48-7.53 (m. 2H), 9.85 (s, NH); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 528.

EXAMPLE 49 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(4-methoxycarbonylphenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 25%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.50-2.20 (m, 7H), 3.12 (bs, 1H), 3.29-3.51 (m, 6H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.87-3.93 (m, 1H), 4.14 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.03 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.09 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.38 (m, 10H), 7.92-7.96 (m, 2H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 529.

EXAMPLE 50 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 26%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.50-2.27 (m, 7H), 3.12 (bs, 1H), 3.29-3.51 (m, 6H), 3.87-3.94 (m, 1H), 4.21 (m, 2H), 4.93 (s, 2H), 5.03 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.38 (m, 12H), 8.22-8.28 (m, 2H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 516.

EXAMPLE 51 3-(R)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(4-hydroxymethylphenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 22%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 501.

EXAMPLE 52 Benzylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(S)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 1000 mg, 23%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.14-1.57 (m, 4H), 1.83 (bs, 1H), 2.43-2.61 (m, 5H), 2.61-3.01 (m, 1H), 4.64 (m, 1H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 7.16-7.35 (m, 10H). MS [M+1]⁺: 337.

EXAMPLE 53 3-(S)(Benzylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-n-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 660 mg, 83%. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d): δ 1.40-2.00 (m, 6H), 2.18 (bs, 1H), 2.59 (m, 2H), 2.95-3.44 (m, 7H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 5.00 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.36 (m, 15H) MS [M-Br]⁺: 455; mp: 64° C.

EXAMPLE 54 Butylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 1880 mg, 22%; ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.9 (m, 3H), 1.3 (m, 4H), 1.5 (m, 4H), 1.9 (s, 1H), 2.7 (m, 5H), 3.2 (m, 1H), 3.7 (m, 2H), 4.7 (m, 1H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H); MS [M+1]⁺: 303.

EXAMPLE 55 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 16 mg, 30%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 317.

EXAMPLE 56 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 18 mg, 27%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 385.

EXAMPLE 57 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 21 mg, 28%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 437.

EXAMPLE 58 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylallyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 182 mg, 48%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.84 (m, 3H), 1.25 (m, 2H), 1.40 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.91 (m, 4H), 2.20 (s, 1H), 3.2-3.4 (m, 6H), 3.64 (m, 2H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 3.88-4.07 (d, 2H), 4.97 (m, 1H), 6.45 (m, 1H), 6.83-6.88 (d, 1H), 7.23-7.45 (m, 7H), 7.60 (m, 2H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 419; mp: 144° C.

EXAMPLE 59 1-Allyl-3-(R)(butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 200 mg, 72%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.85 (m, 3H), 1.21-1.34 (m, 3H), 1.40-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.70-2.18 (m, 4H), 3.15-3.40 (m, 5H), 3.61-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.82 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.94 (m, 2H), 4.95 (m, 1H), 5.62 (m, 2H), 5.97-6.01 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.44 (m, 5H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 343; mp: 141° C.

EXAMPLE 60 3(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 19%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 347.

EXAMPLE 61 3-R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-isopropyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 20 mg, 29%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 345.

EXAMPLE 62 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-propyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 16 mg, 23%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 345.

EXAMPLE 63 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-cyanopropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 15 mg, 20%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 370.

EXAMPLE 64 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-cyclopropylmethyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 2 mg, 3%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 357.

EXAMPLE 65 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 19 mg, 25%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 375.

EXAMPLE 66 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(4-ethoxycarbonylbutyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 14%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 431.

EXAMPLE 67 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 17%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 361.

EXAMPLE 68 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-(3-pyrrol-1-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 19 mg, 23%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 410.

EXAMPLE 69 1-(4-Acetoxybutyl)-3-(R)(butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 12%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 417.

EXAMPLE 70 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-(4-oxo-4-thiophen-2-ylbutyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 17 mg, 19%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 455.

EXAMPLE 71 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(4-phenylbutyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 17 mg, 20%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 435.

EXAMPLE 72 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 21 mg, 23%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 453.

EXAMPLE 73 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-heptyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 17 mg, 21%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 401.

EXAMPLE 74 1-(2-Benzyloxyethyl)-3-(R)(butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 22 mg, 25%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 437.

EXAMPLE 75 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-phenethyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 330 mg, 82%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.83 (m, 3H), 1.27-1.34 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.48 (m, 3H), 1.60-2.23 (m, 4H), 2.96-3.47 (m, 7H), 3.57-3.71 (m, 4H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 4.98 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.45 (m, 10H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 407; mp: 139° C.

EXAMPLE 76 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 520 mg, 81%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.82 (m, 3H), 1.24-1.31 (m, 2H), 1.39-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.70-2.20 (m, 5H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 3.35-3.70 (m, 13H), 3.82-3.86 (m, 3H), 4.94 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.44 (m, 5H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 405.

EXAMPLE 77 Butyl-(4-fluorophenyl)carbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 1650 mg, 24%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.82 (m, 3H), 1.20-1.54 (m, 8H), 1.83 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.70) (m, 5H), 3.02-3.09 (m, 1H), 3.36-3.63 (m, 2H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.35 (m, 4H).; MS [M+1]⁺: 321.

EXAMPLE 78 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; chloride

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 390 mg, 75%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.82 (m, 3H), 1.26-1.31 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.70-2.17 (m, 5H), 3.20-3.7 (m, 11H), 3.86 (m, 1H), 4.02 (m, 2H), 4.94 (m, 1H), 6.95-7.00 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.44 (m, 5H); MS [M-Cl]⁺: 455; mp: 126° C.

EXAMPLE 79 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 260 mg, 53%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.84 (m, 3H), 1.23-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.39-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.70-2.20 (m, 5H), 3.20-3.72 (m, 9H), 3.99 (m, 1H), 4.44 (m, 2H), 4.95 (m, 1H), 7.01 (m, 3H), 7.24-7.40 (m, 7H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 423; mp: 153° C.

EXAMPLE 80 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 1100 mg, 62%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d): δ 0.84 (m, 3H), 1.24-1.31 (m, 2H), 1.42 (m, 2H), 1.60-2.21 (m, 7H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 3.0-3.50 (m, 7H), 3.60-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.85 (m, 1H), 4.93 (m, 1H), 6.95-7.00 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.43 (m, 6H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 427; mp: 127° C.

EXAMPLE 81 3-(R)(Butylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 280 mg, 56%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.84 (m, 3H), 1.23-1.33 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 2H), 1.60-2.20 (m, 7H), 2.59 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.78 (m, 9H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 4.92 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.42 (m, 10H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 421; mp: 120° C.

EXAMPLE 82 Phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 310 mg, 10%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.10-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.87 (s, 1H), 2.46-2.63 (m, 5H), 3.04-3.33 (m, 1H), 4.66 (m, 1H), 5.01 (s, 2H), 6.87-6.94 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.43 (m, 6H); MS [M+1]⁺: 343.

EXAMPLE 83 1-Methyl-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 160 mg, 80%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): 1.65-2.00 (m, 4H), 2.20 (s, 1H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 3.32-3.52 (m, 5H), 3.85-3.92 (m, 1H), 4.98-5.04 (m, 3H), 6.94 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.45 (m, 6H).; MS [M-Br]⁺: 357.

EXAMPLE 84 1-(3-Phenoxypropyl)-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 16 mg, 42%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 477.

EXAMPLE 85 1-(3-Phenylpropyl)-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 35%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.72-2.3 (m, 7H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.48 (m, 7H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 5.04 (m, 3H), 6.92-6.94 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.43 (m, 111H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 461.

EXAMPLE 86 1-(3-Phenylallyl)-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 4 mg, 11%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 459.

EXAMPLE 87 1-(2-Benzyloxyethyl)-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 14 mg, 37%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 477.

EXAMPLE 88 1-[3-(3-Hydroxyphenoxy)propyl]-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 11 mg, 28%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 493.

EXAMPLE 89 1-Heptyl-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 37%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 441.

EXAMPLE 90 3-(R)(phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 140 mg, 48%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.40-2.30 (m, 7H), 2.83 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.60 (m, 7H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 5.04 (m, 3H), 6.93-6.99 (m, 4H), 7.28-7.43 (m, 7H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 467.

EXAMPLE 91 1-(2-Phenoxyethyl)-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 510 mg, 80%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.40-2.30 (m, 5H), 3.20-3.73 (m, 7H), 4.05 (m, 1H), 4.44 (bs, 2H), 5.04 (m, 3H), 6.91-7.04 (m, 5H), 7.24-7.41 (m, 8H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 463; mp: 33° C.

EXAMPLE 92 1-Ally-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 360 mg, 66%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.40-2.30 (m, 5H), 3.00-3.41 (m, 5H), 3.81-3.92 (m, 3H), 5.04 (m, 3H), 5.61 (m, 2H), 5.93-6.05 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.96 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.46 (m, 6H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 383; mp: 110° C.

EXAMPLE 93 Phenethylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 1400 mg, 17%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.10-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.83 (s, 1H), 2.40-2.70 (m, 5H), 2.78 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.08 (m, 1H), 3.87 (m, 2H), 4.58 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.40 (m, 10H); MS [M+1]⁺: 351.

EXAMPLE 94 1-Methyl-3-(R)(phenethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 140 mg, 73%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.40-2.30 (m, 5H), 2.80 (m, 2H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 3.10-3.50 (m, 5H), 3.78-3.95 (m, 3H), 4.89 (m, 1H), 7.16-7.41 (m, 10H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 365; m: 203° C.

EXAMPLE 95 1-Allyl-3-(R)(phenethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 11 mg, 35%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 391.

EXAMPLE 96 3-(R)(Phenethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 16 mg, 41%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 485.

EXAMPLE 97 3-(R)(Phenethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 15 mg, 40%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.45-2.18 (m, 5H), 2.81 (m, 2H), 3.28-3.70 (m, 7H), 3.80-4.02 (m, 3H), 4.43 (m, 2H), 4.95 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.04 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.40 m, 13H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 471.

EXAMPLE 98 3-(R)(Phenethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 14 mg, 37%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.45-2.20 (m, 7H), 2.59 (m, 2H); 2.81 (m, 2H), 3.05-3.5 (m, 7H), 3.78-3.89 (m, 3H), 4.91 (m, 1H), 7.17-7.42 (m, 15H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 469.

EXAMPLE 99 3-(R)(Phenethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylallyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 4 mg, 11%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 467.

EXAMPLE 100 1-(2-Benzyloxyethyl)-3-(R)(phenethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 14 mg, 36%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 485.

EXAMPLE 101 1-[3-(3-Hydroxyphenoxy)propyl]-3-(R)(phenethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 14 mg, 35%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.45-2.20 (m, 7H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 3.05-3.50 (m, 7H), 3.83-3.99 (m, 5H), 4.94 (m, 1H), 6.33-6.39 (m, 3H), 7.04-7.09 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.44 (m, 10H), 9.49 (s, OH); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 501.

EXAMPLE 102 1-Heptyl-3-(R)(phenethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 15 mg, 42%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.88 (m, 3H), 1.28 (m, 8H), 1.55-2.20 (m, 7H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.50 (m, 7H), 3.68-3.89 (m, 3H), 4.92 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.43 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 449.

EXAMPLE 103 3-(R)(Phenethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 15 mg, 39%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 475.

EXAMPLE 104 Pentylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 620 mg, 9%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.83 (m, 3H), 1.22-1.30 (m, 5H), 1.43-1.56 (m, 5H), 1.83 (s, 1H), 2.42-2.65 (m, 5H), 3.01-3.06 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.65 (m, 2H), 4.49 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.41 (m, 5H); MS [M+1]⁺: 317.

EXAMPLE 105 1-Methyl-3-(R)(pentylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 130 mg, 68%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.81 (m, 3H), 1.21 (m, 5H), 1.45-2.20 (m, 6H), 2.93 (s, 3H), 3.10-3.70 (m, 7H), 3.80 (m, 1H), 4.88 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.41 (m, 5H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 331.

EXAMPLE 106 1-Allyl-3-(R)(pentylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 35%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.83 (m, 3H), 1.21-1.28 (m, 4H), 1.46 (m, 3H), 1.54-1.91 (m, 3H), 2.30 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.41 (m, 5H), 3.78-3.92 (m, 5H), 4.94 (m, 1H), 5.54-5.64 (m, 2H), 5.98 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.43 (m, 5H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 357.

EXAMPLE 107 3-(R)(Pentylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 36%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 451.

EXAMPLE 108 3-(R)(Pentylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 14 mg, 40%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.82 (m, 3H), 1.23 (m, 4H), 1.46 (m, 3H), 1.54-1.91 (m, 3H), 2.25 (s, 1H), 3.28-3.70 (m, 9H), 3.98 (m, 1H), 4.43 (m, 2H), 4.95 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.04 (m, 3H), 7.23-7.4 (m, 7H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 437.

EXAMPLE 109 3-(R)(Pentylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1,3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 37%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.82 (m, 3H), 1.20-1.25 (m, 5H), 1.44 (m, 3H), 1.68-2.13 (m, 7H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 3.00-3.41 (m, 5H), 3.54-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.79-3.85 (m, 1H), 4.92 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.42 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 435.

EXAMPLE 110 3-(R)(Pentylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylallyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 4 mg, 12%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 433.

EXAMPLE 111 1-(2-Benzyloxyethyl)-3-(R)(pentylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 15 mg, 42%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 451.

EXAMPLE 112 1-[3-(3-Hydroxyphenoxy)propyl]-3-(R)(pentylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 32%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 467.

EXAMPLE 113 1-Heptyl-3-(R)(pentylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 15 mg, 45%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 415.

EXAMPLE 114 3-(R)(Pentylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 37%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.82 (m, 3H), 1.22-1.26 (m, 5H), 1.46 (m, 3H), 1.60-2.14 (m, 7H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.41 (m, 5H), 3.50-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.82 (m, 1H), 4.92 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.99 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.43 (m, 6H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 441.

EXAMPLE 115 Pent-4-enylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 690 mg, 14%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.10-1.60 (m, 6H), 1.84 (bs, 1H), 1.97-2.04 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.65 (m, 5H), 3.02-3.10 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.66 (m, 2H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 4.61-5.00 (m, 2H), 5.70-5.84 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.42 (m, 5H); MS [M+1]⁺: 315.

EXAMPLE 116 1-Allyl-3-(R)(pent-4-enylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 35%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 355.

EXAMPLE 117 3-(R)(Pent-4-enylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenoxypropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 15 mg, 42%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.50-2.20 (m, 11H), 3.23-3.47 (m, 7H), 3.56-3.73 (m, 2H), 3.87 (m, 1H), 4.03 (m, 2H), 4.92-4.95 (m, 2H), 5.00 (m, 1H), 5.70-5.82 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.99 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.44 (m, 8H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 449.

EXAMPLE 118 3-(R)(Pent-4-enylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 37%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.55 (m, 2H), 1.65-2.20 (m, 7H), 3.28-3.75 (m, 9H), 3.98 (m, 1H), 4.43 (bs, 2H), 4.92-4.99 (m, 3H), 5.70-5.83 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.04 (m, 3H), 7.24-7.40 (m, 7H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 435.

EXAMPLE 119 3-(R)(Pent-4-enylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 37%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.56 (m, 3H), 1.70-2.14 (m, 8H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 3.19-3.41 (m, 7H), 3.56-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 4.92-4.99 (m, 3H), 5.70-5.83 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.43 (m, 10H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 433.

EXAMPLE 120 3-(R)(Pent-4-enylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylallyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 4 mg, 12%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 431.

EXAMPLE 121 1-(2-Benzyloxyethyl)-3-(R)(pent-4-enylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 16 mg, 44%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 449.

EXAMPLE 122 1-[3-(3-Hydroxyphenoxy)propyl]-3-(R)(pent-4-enylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 32%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 465.

EXAMPLE 123 1-Heptyl-3-(R)(pent-4-enylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 3 mg, 9%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 413.

EXAMPLE 124 1-Methyl-3-(R)(pent-4-enylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 49%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 429.

EXAMPLE 125 3-(R)(Pent-4-enylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 15 mg, 43%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.40-2.20 (m, 11H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 3.05-3.5 (m, 7H), 3.58-3.86 (m, 3H), 4.92-4.95 (m, 2H) 5.00 (m, 1H), 5.70-5.84 (m, 1H), 6.93-7.00 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.44 (m, 6H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 439.

EXAMPLE 126 Phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 2000 mg, 15%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.10-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.84 (bs, 1H), 2.46-2.62 (m, 5H), 3.02-3.10 (m, 1H), 4.62-4.67 (m, 1H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 6.99 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.36 (m, 6H), 7.47-7.50 (m, 1H).; MS [M+1]⁺: 343.

EXAMPLE 127 1-Allyl-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 8 mg, 26%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.45-2.00 (m, 4H), 2.21 (bs, 1H), 3.04-3.42 (m, 5H), 3.78-3.91 (m, 3H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 5.54-5.64 (m, 2H), 5.91-6.02 (m, 1H), 7.00-7.02 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.39 (m, 6H), 7.50-7.52 (m, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 383.

EXAMPLE 128 1-(3-Phenoxypropyl)-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 31%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 477.

EXAMPLE 129 1-(3-Phenylpropyl)-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 15 mg, 41%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.45-2.18 (m, 7H), 2.59 (m, 2H), 3.02-3.44 (m, 7H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 4.99 (m, 1H), 7.00 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.38 (m, 11H), 7.47-7.50 (m, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 461.

EXAMPLE 130 1-(3-Phenylallyl)-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 4 mg, 11%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 459.

EXAMPLE 131 1-(2-Benzyloxyethyl)-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 16 mg, 42%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 477.

EXAMPLE 132 1-[3-(3-Hydroxyphenoxy)propyl]-3-R)(phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 33%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 493.

EXAMPLE 133 1-Heptyl-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 34%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.88 (m, 3H), 1.28 (m, 8H), 1.60-2.19 (m, 7H), 3.00-3.41 (m, 7H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 5.99 (m, 1H), 7.01 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.39 (m, 6H), 7.49-7.52 (m, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 441.

EXAMPLE 134 1-Methyl-3-(R)(phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 12 mg, 42%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 357.

EXAMPLE 135 3-(R)(Phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1,3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 500 mg, 78%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.45-2.19 (m, 7H), 2.83 (m, 2H), 3.04-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.19-3.46 (m, 6H), 3.83-3.90 (m, 1H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 4.99 (m, 1H), 6.94 (m, 3H), 7.20-7.40 (m, 7H), 7.49 (m, 1H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 467; mp: 110° C.

EXAMPLE 136 3-(R)(Phenylthiophen-3-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 350 mg, 63%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.45-2.20 (m, 5H), 3.27 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.80 (m, 6H), 4.00-4.06 (m, 1H), 4.44 (bs, 2H), 4.87 (s, 2H), 5.02 (m, 1H), 6.99-7.04 (m, 4H), 7.20-7.38 (m, 8H), 7.48 (m, 1H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 463; mp: 131° C.

EXAMPLE 137 Butylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 1300 mg, 29%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.85 (m, 3H), 1.19-1.68 (m, 8H), 1.92 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.64 (m, 5H), 3.05-3.22 (m, 3H), 4.56-4.62 (m, 3H), 6.95-7.04 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.44 (m, 1H); MS [M+1]⁺: 323.

EXAMPLE 138 1-Allyl-3-(R)(butylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 23%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.86 (m, 3H), 1.20-1.26 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.49 (m, 2H), 1.58-2.05 (m, 4H), 2.32 (bs, 1H), 3.20-3.41 (m, 7H), 3.74-3.94 (m, 3H), 4.51-4.72 (m, 2H), 4.99 (m, 1H), 5.55-5.64 (m, 2H), 5.87-6.10 (m, 1H), 6.99 (m, 1H), 7.08 (m, 1H), 7.46 (m, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 363.

EXAMPLE 139 3-(R)(Butylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 25%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 0.85 (m, 3H), 1.19-1.26 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.75-2.10 (m, 6H), 2.30 (bs, 1H), 2.59 (m, 2H), 3.10-3.50 (m, 9H), 3.83 (m, 1 H), 4.50-4.74 (m, 2H), 4.97 (m, 1H), 6.97 (m, 1H), 7.07 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.43 (m, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 441.

EXAMPLE 140 bis-Thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 340 mg, 7%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.28-1.31 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.72 (m, 3H), 1.94-1.97 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.71 (m, 5H), 3.06-3.14 (m, 1H), 4.50-4.57 (m, 4H), 4.62-4.69 (m, 1H), 6.96-7.06 (m, 4H), 7.44-7.46 (m, 2H); MS [M+1]⁺: 363.

EXAMPLE 141 1-Allyl-3-(R)(bis-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 9 mg, 19%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.70-2.06 (m, 4H), 2.35 (bs, 1H), 3.25-3.50 (m, 5H), 3.80-3.94 (m, 3H), 4.54-4.71 (m, 4H), 5.10 (m, 1H), 5.55-5.65 (m, 2H), 5.87-6.10 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.01 (m, 2H), 7.06-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.48 (m, 2H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 403.

EXAMPLE 142 3-(R)(bis-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 690 mg, 82%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.78-2.10 (m, 6H), 2.34 (bs, 1H), 2.53-2.63 (m, 2H), 3.23-3.48 (m, 7H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 4.53-4.74 (m, 4H), 5.05 (m, 1H), 6.98-7.01 (m, 2H), 7.02-7.11 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.37 (m, 5H), 7.44-7.48 (m, 2H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 481.

EXAMPLE 143 Furan-2-ylmethyl-2-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 700 mg, 10%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.10-1.34 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.67 (m, 3H), 1.93 (bs, 1H), 2.50-2.70 (m, 5H), 3.05-3.12 (m, 1H), 3.37-4.40 (m, 2H), 4.57-4.66 (m, 3H), 6.26-6.42 (m, 2H), 6.95-7.03 (m, 2H), 7.45 (m, 1H), 7.61 (m, 1H); MS [M+1]⁺: 347.

EXAMPLE 144 1-Allyl-3-(R)(furan-2-ylmethylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 7 mg, 15%; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 387.

EXAMPLE 145 3-(R)(Furan-2-ylmethylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 11 mg, 20%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.70-2.10 (m, 6H), 2.31 (bs, 1H), 2.59 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.50 (m, 7H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 4.36-4.56 (m, 4H), 5.03 (m, 1H), 6.32-6.44 (m, 2H), 6.92-7.08 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.41-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.59-7.62 m, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 465.

EXAMPLE 146 3-(R)(bis-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide

The title compound was synthesised according to method c. The yield of the final step was 690 mg, 81%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.78-2.10 (m, 6H), 2.34 (bs, 1H), 2.82 (m, 2H), 3.21-3.46 (m, 7H), 3.89 (m, 1H), 4.54 (m, 4H), 5.06 (m, 1H), 6.95-7.01 (m, 4H), 7.07-7.11 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.49 (m, 3H); MS [M-Br]⁺: 487; mp: 143° C.

EXAMPLE 147 Allylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 3220 mg, 30%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.20-1.33 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.80 (m, 3H), 1.93 (bs, 1H), 2.49-2.72 (m, 5H), 3.05-3.09 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.83 (m, 2H), 3.83-4.55 (m, 3H), 5.14 (m, 2H), 5.70-5.82 (m, 1H), 6.96-7.04 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.45 (m, 1H); MS [M+1]⁺: 307.

EXAMPLE 148 1-Allyl-3-(R)(allylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 24%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.80-2.10 (m, 4H), 2.32 (bs, 1H), 3.20-3.50 (m, 5H), 3.75-3.94 (m, 5H), 4.5-4.69 (m, 2H), 5.01 (m, 1H), 5.10-5.23 (m, 2H), 5.51-5.65 (m, 2H), 5.70-5.85 (m, 1H), 5.90-6.08 (m, 1H), 6.95-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.47 (m, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 347.

EXAMPLE 149 3-(R)(Allylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 11 mg, 22%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.74-2.10 m, 6H), 2.31 (bs, 1H), 2.59 (m, 2H), 3.16-3.56 (m, 7H), 3.76-3.90 (m, 3H), 4.48-4.71 (m, 2H), 4.99 (m, 1H), 5.11-5.23 (m, 2H), 5.72-5.83 (m, 1H), 6.98 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.07 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.44 (m, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 425.

EXAMPLE 150 Cyclopentylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 2250 mg, 33%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.20-1.40 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.72 (m, 11H), 1.89 (bs, 1H), 2.45-2.62 (m, 5H), 3.03-3.10 (m, 1H), 4.22 (bs, 1H), 4.50-4.56 (m, 3H), 6.93-6.99 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 1H); MS [M+1]⁺: 335.

EXAMPLE 151 1-Allyl-3-(R)(cyclopentylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 10 mg, 22%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.40-2.05 (m, 12H), 2.27 (bs, 1H), 3.03, 3.42 (m, 5H), 3.70-3.95 (m, 3H), 4.15-4.35 (m, 1H), 5.58 (m, 2H), 4.99 (m, 1H), 5.54-5.65 (m, 2H), 5.87-6.10 (m, 1H), 6.97 (m, 1H), 7.03 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.43 (m, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 375.

EXAMPLE 152 3-(R)(Cyclopentylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azonia bicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 13 mg, 24%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.40-2.10 (m, 14H), 2.25 (bs, 1H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 2.95-3.50 (m, 7H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 4.26 (m, 1H), 4.50-4.70 (m, 2H), 4.97 (m, 1H), 6.93 (m, 1H), 7.03 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.40 (m, 6H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 453.

EXAMPLE 153 Furan-2-ylmethylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 1400 mg, 18%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.19-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.84 (bs, 1H), 2.44-2.57 (m, 5H), 3.01-3.09 (m, 1H), 4.63 (m, 1H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 6.21 (m, 1H), 6.36 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.37 (m, 5H), 7.59 (m, 1H); MS [M+1]⁺: 327.

EXAMPLE 154 1-Allyl-3-(R)(furan-2-ylmethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 7 mg, 16%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 367.

EXAMPLE 155 3-(R)(Furan-2-ylmethylphenylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 11 mg, 21%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.65-2.10 (m, 6H), 2.19 (bs, 1H), 2.59 (m, 2H), 3.10-3.50 (m, 7H), 3.83 (m, 1H), 4.85 (bs, 2H), 4.98 (m, 1H), 6.26 (m, 1H), 6.36 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.39 (m, 10H), 7.59 (m, 1H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 445.

EXAMPLE 156 bis-Furan-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 2100 mg, 22%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.20-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.89 (bs, 1H), 2.45-2.71 (m, 5H), 3.00-3.12 (m, 1H), 4.40 (m, 4H), 4.62 (m, 1H), 6.22-6.40 (m, 4H), 7.59 (m, 2H); MS [M+1]⁺: 331.

EXAMPLE 157 1-Allyl-3-(R)(bis-furan-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 7 mg, 16%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ; MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 371.

EXAMPLE 158 3-(R)(bis-furan-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate

The title compound was synthesised according to method d. The yield of the final step was 11 mg, 20%; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.70-2.10 (m, 6H), 2.29 (bs, 1H), 2.59 (m, 2H), 3.10-3.50 (m, 7H), 3.82 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.54 (m, 4H), 5.01 (m, 1H), 6.29-6.41 (m, 4H), 7.20-7.35 (m, 5H), 7.57-7.61 (m, 2H); MS [M-CF₃COO]⁺: 449.

EXAMPLE 159 Benzylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-4-yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 4.86 mg, 1.3%, as formiate; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.86 (m, 4H), 2.65 (s, 2H), 2.77 (bs, 2H), 3.03 (bs, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 7.14-7.32 (m, 10H), 8.19 (s, 1H); MS [M-HCOO]⁺: 323.

EXAMPLE 160 Benzylphenylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-4-yl ester

The title compound was synthesised according to method a. The yield of the final step was 2.56 mg, 1%, as formiate; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.81 (m, 6H), 2.83 (m, 6H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 7.14-7.32 (m, 10H), 8.24. (s, 1H); MS [M-HCOO]⁺: 337

The examples 161 to 165 illustrate pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention and procedures for their preparation.

EXAMPLE 161 Preparation of a Pharmaceutical Composition: Tablets

Formulation: Compound of the present invention 5.0 mg Lactose 113.6 mg  Microctystalline cellulose 28.4 mg  Light silicic anhydride 1.5 mg Magnesium stearate 1.5 mg

Using a mixer machine, 15 g of the compound of the present invention was mixed with 340.8 g of lactose and 85.2 g of microcrystalline cellulose. The mixture was subjected to compression moulding using a roller compactor to give a flake-like compressed material. The flake-like compressed material was pulverized using a hammer mill, and the pulverized material was screened through a 20 mesh screen. A 4.5 g portion of light silicic anhydride and 4.5 g of magnesium stearate were added to the screened material and mixed. The mixer product was subjected to a tablets making machine equipped with a die/punch system of 7.5 mm in diameter, thereby obtaining 3,000 tablets each having 150 mg in weight.

EXAMPLE 162 Preparation of a Pharmaceutical Composition: Tablets Coated

Formulation: Compound of the present invention 5.0 mg Lactose 95.2 mg  Corn starch 40.8 mg  Polyvinylpyrrolidone 7.5 mg Magnesium stearate 1.5 mg Hydroxypropylcellulose 2.3 mg Polyethylene glycol 0.4 mg Titanium dioxide 1.1 mg Purified talc 0.7 mg

Using a fluidized bed granulating machine, 15 g of the compound of the present invention was mixed with 285.6 g of lactose and 122.4 g of corn starch. Separately, 22.5 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone was dissolved in 127.5 g of water to prepare a binding solution. Using a fluidized bed granulating machine, the binding solution was sprayed on the above mixture to give granulates. A 4.5 g portion of magnesium stearate was added to the obtained granulates and mixed. The obtained mixture was subjected to a tablet making machine equipped with a die/punch biconcave system of 6.5 mm in diameter, thereby obtaining 3,000 tablets, each having 150 mg in weight. Separately, a coating solution was prepared by suspending 6.9 g of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 2910, 1.2 g of polyethylene glycol 6000, 3.3 g of titanium dioxide and 2.1 g of purified talc in 72.6 g of water. Using a High Coated, the 3,000 tablets prepared above were coated with the coating solution to give film-coated tablets, each having 154.5 mg in weight.

EXAMPLE 163 Preparation of a Pharmaceutical Composition: Liquid Inhalant

Formulation: Compound of the present invention 400 μg Physiological saline 1 ml

A 40 mg portion of the compound of the present invention was dissolved in 90 ml of physiological saline, and the solution was adjusted to a total volume of 100 ml with the same saline solution, dispensed in 1 ml portions into 1 ml capacity ampoule and then sterilized at 115° for 30 minutes to give liquid inhalant.

EXAMPLE 164 Preparation of a Pharmaceutical Composition: Powder Inhalant

Formulation: Compound of the present invention   200 μg Lactose 4,000 μg

A 20 g portion of the compound of the present invention was uniformly mixed with 400 g of lactose, and a 200 mg portion of the mixture was packed in a powder inhaler for exclusive use to produce a powder inhalant.

EXAMPLE 165 Preparation of a Pharmaceutical Composition: Inhalation Aerosol

Formulation: Compound of the present invention 200 μg Dehydrated (Absolute) ethyl alcohol USP 8,400 μg 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134A) 46,810 μg

The active ingredient concentrate is prepared by dissolving 0.0480 g of the compound of the present invention in 2.0160 g of ethyl alcohol. The concentrate is added to an appropriate filling apparatus. The active ingredient concentrate is dispensed into aerosol container, the headspace of the container is purged with Nitrogen or HFC-134A vapor (purging ingredients should not contain more than 1 ppm oxygen) and is sealed with valve. 11.2344 g of HFC-134A propellant is then pressure filled into the sealed container. 

1-40. (canceled)
 41. A compound of formula (I):

wherein R1 represents

R3 represents a hydrogen or halogen atom, or a straight or branched lower alkyl group or a cyano group; R2 represents a benzyl, phenethyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, furan-3-ylmethyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl or thiophen-3-ylmethyl group or a straight or branched alkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, or a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 6 carbon atoms; p is 2 and the substitution in the azoniabicyclic ring may be in the 2, 3 or 4 position including all possible configurations of the asymmetric carbons; or a mixture thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 42. A compound according to claim 41, wherein said compound is a quaternary ammonium salt of a carbamate of formula (I), wherein said compound is represented by formula (II):

wherein m is an integer from 0 to 8; A represents a —CH₂—, —CH═CR4-, —CR4=CH—, —CO—, —O—, —S—, —S(O), —SO₂—, —NR4-, or —CR4R5- group, wherein R4 and R5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched lower alkyl group, or R4 and R5 together form an alicyclic ring; n is an integer from 0 to 4; B represents a hydrogen atom, an alkoxy group, a cycloalkyl group, —COOR4 or —OOCR4, or a cyano group, a naphthalenyl group, a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenyl group, a biphenyl group, or a group of formula (I) or (ii)

wherein Z represents O, N or S; and R6, R7 and R8 each independently represent a hydrogen or halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, phenyl, —OR4, —SR4, —NR4R5, —NHCOR4, —CONR4R5, —CN, —NO₂, —COOR4 or —CF₃ group or a straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl group; wherein R4 and R5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight or branched lower alkyl group, or R4 and R5 together form an alicyclic ring; or R6 and R7 together form an aromatic, alicyclic or heterocyclic ring; and X represents a pharmaceutically acceptable anion of a mono or polyvalent acid or a mixture thereof of compounds of formula (II).
 43. A compound according to claim 41, wherein R1 represents a thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thienyl or furan-2-ylmethyl group.
 44. A compound according to claim 41, wherein R2 represents a benzyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thiophen-3-ylmethyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, phenethyl, pent-4-enyl, pentyl, butyl, allyl or cyclopentyl group.
 45. A compound according to claim 42, wherein B represents a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstitued phenyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl or furyl group, or a biphenyl, naphthalenyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenyl or benzo[1,3]dioxolyl group.
 46. A compound according to claim 45, wherein B represents a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group and R6, R7 and R8 each independently represent a hydrogen or halogen atom, or a hydroxyl, methyl, —CH₂OH, —OMe, —NMe₂, —NHCOMe, —CONH₂, —CN, —NO2, —COOMe, or —CF₃ group.
 47. A compound according to claim 46, wherein B represents a phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl or 3-hydroxyphenyl group.
 48. A compound according to claim 42, wherein n=0 or 1; m is an integer from 1 to 6; and A represents a —CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —CO—, —NMe-, —O— or —S— group.
 49. A compound according to claim 48, wherein m is 1, 2 or 3 and A represents a —CH2-, —CH═CH—, or —O— group.
 50. A compound according to claim 42, wherein B—(CH₂)_(n)-A-(CH₂)_(m)— represents a group selected from 3-phenoxypropyl, 2-phenoxyethyl, 3-phenylallyl, phenethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 3-(3-hydroxyphenoxy)propyl, 3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl, 3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl, 1-allyl and 1-heptyl.
 51. A compound according to claim 42, wherein X⁻ represents a chloride, bromide, or trifluoroacetate anion.
 52. A compound according to claim 41, wherein the azoniabicyclo group is substituted in the 3-position.
 53. A compound according to claim 41, wherein the azoniabicyclo group is substituted in the 3′-position and the substituent at the 3-position has the (R) configuration.
 54. A compound according to claim 41, which is a single isomer.
 55. A compound according to claim 41 which is: Butylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester Bis-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)-yl ester Furan-2-ylmethyl-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester Allylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester Cyclopentylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester Bis-furan-2-ylmethylcarbamic acid 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-(R)yl ester or a pharmaceutically acceptably salt thereof.
 56. A compound according to claim 42 which is: 3-(R)(Bis-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide 3-(R)(Bis-thiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-thiophen-2-ylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; bromide 1-Allyl-3-(R)(allylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate 3-(R)(Cyclopentylthiophen-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate or 1-Allyl-3-(R)(bis-furan-2-ylmethylcarbamoyloxy)-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; trifluoroacetate.
 57. A compound according to claim 41 characterised in that it has an IC₅₀ value (nM) for muscarinic M3 receptors of less than
 35. 58. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) as claimed in claim 41,

which process comprises reacting a compound of formula (III):

with a compound of formula (IV):

and optionally preparing a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of formula (I).
 59. A process for producing a salt of formula (II) as claimed in claim 42:

which process comprises quaternising the nitrogen atom of the azoniabicyclic ring of a compound of formula (I):

with an alkylating agent of formula (VI): B—(CH₂)_(n)-A-(CH₂)_(m)—W  (VI) wherein W represents a leaving group.
 60. A process according to claim 59, wherein W represents a group X.
 61. A process according to claim 59, wherein the resulting reaction mixture is purified by solid phase extraction.
 62. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 41 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 63. A method of treating respiratory, urinary or gastrointestinal diseases, which method comprises administering to a human or animal patient in need of treatment an effective amount of a compound according to claim
 41. 64. A combination product comprising (i) a compound according to claim 41; and (ii) another compound effective in the treatment of a respiratory, urological or gastrointestinal disease or disorder.
 65. A combination product comprising (i) a compound according to claim 41; and (ii) a β₂ agonist, steroid, antiallergic drug, phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor and/or leukotriene D4 (LTD4) antagonist.
 66. A compound according to claim 42, wherein R1 represents a thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thienyl or furan-2-ylmethyl group.
 67. A compound according to claim 42, wherein R2 represents a benzyl, thiophen-2-ylmethyl, thiophen-3-ylmethyl, furan-2-ylmethyl, phenethyl, pent-4-enyl, pentyl, butyl, allyl or cyclopentyl group.
 68. A compound according to claim 42, wherein the azoniabicyclo group is substituted in the 3-position.
 69. A compound according to claim 68, wherein the substituent at the 3-position has the (R) configuration.
 70. A compound according to claim 42, which is a single isomer.
 71. A compound according to claim 42 characterised in that it has an IC₅₀ value (nM) for muscarinic M3 receptors of less than
 35. 72. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 42 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 73. A method of treating of respiratory, urinary or gastrointestinal diseases, which method comprises administering to a human or animal patient in need of treatment an effective amount of a compound according to claim
 42. 74. A combination product comprising (i) a compound according to claim 42; and (ii) another compound effective in the treatment of a respiratory, urological or gastrointestinal disease or disorder.
 75. A combination product comprising (i) a compound according to claim 42; and (ii) a β₂ agonist, steroid, antiallergic drug, phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor and/or leukotriene D4 (LTD4) antagonist. 